Islam is the only religion which did not restricts its followers to learn the knowledge of the world and to explore the world. In fact ALLAH swt says in Quran to explore the world and see what HE has put in here for us. islam does not restrict its followers to live and die in one place in ignorance rather it encourages us to go and visit the world to find the signs of ALLAH in everything. All that we call miracles of science today are actually signs of ALLAH. Quran said that humans are created from water, and science says humans are 70 percent water. Quran says that moon sun and stars and all that is on sky and in earth and beyond is following a predefined fixed path, we see after millions of the years have passed, neither sun changed its course nor moon nor anything else in the sky changed its course. Everything is moving in the same path and towards the same direction.
It was the muslim scientists who were the pioneers is exploring the world. Their faith never shattered whenever they found something new but their faith grew strong in ALLAH when they found HIS signs in HIS creations.
It was muslims, who were the expert geologists, chemists, physicists, philosophers, astronomers, engineers, doctors, builders, mathematicians etc. they became so expert in their fields that even today science thanks them for their achievements. No matter how much west wants to take credit of all what they have today, they cannot deny the role of muslim scientists and they cannot hide those rare books in their libraries which are written by the muslims and for which these people fight and even kill each other. There is a common story circled in the modern west that there was an arab muslim who knew how to covert metals into gold. This story has inspired many of these people to spend their lives in finding such thing which can convert everything into gold.
This is special blessings on muslims that they can still feel proud over their scientists. No matter what happens, islam and science can never be separated. What is called discovery today are actually signs of ALLAH. There have passed many muslims with greatest achievements in science. Below is given a list of the muslim scientists which are few of the known personalities. (taken from Wikipedia and others).
Astronomers and astrophysicists
Khalid ibn Yazid (Calid)
Jafar al-Sadiq
Yaqūb ibn Tāriq
Ibrahim al-Fazari
Muhammad al-Fazari
Naubakht
Al-Khwarizmi, mathematician
Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (Albumasar)
Al-Farghani
Banū Mūsā (Ben Mousa)
Ja'far Muhammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
Ahmad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
Al-Hasan ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
Al-Majriti
Muhammad ibn Jābir al-Harrānī al-Battānī (Albatenius)
Al-Farabi (Abunaser)
Abd Al-Rahman Al Sufi
Abu Sa'id Gorgani
Kushyar ibn Labban
Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin
Al-Mahani
Al-Marwazi
Al-Nayrizi
Al-Saghani
Al-Farghani
Abu Nasr Mansur
Abū Sahl al-Qūhī (Kuhi)
Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi
Abū al-Wafā' al-Būzjānī
Ibn Yunus
Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen)
Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
Avicenna
Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (Arzachel)
Omar Khayyám
Al-Khazini
Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
Ibn Tufail (Abubacer)
Nur Ed-Din Al Betrugi (Alpetragius)
Averroes
Al-Jazari
Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī
Anvari
Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi
Nasir al-Din Tusi
Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
Ibn al-Shatir
Shams al-Dīn al-Samarqandī
Jamshīd al-Kāshī
Ulugh Beg, also a mathematician
Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf, Ottoman astronomer
Ahmad Nahavandi
Haly Abenragel
Abolfadl Harawi
Kerim Kerimov, a founder of Soviet space program, a lead architect behind first human spaceflight (Vostok 1), and the lead architect of the first space stations (Salyut and Mir).
Farouk El-Baz, a NASA scientist involved in the first Moon landings with the Apollo program.
Sultan bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud.
Muhammed Faris
Abdul Ahad Mohmand
Talgat Musabayev
Anousheh Ansari
Amir Ansari
Sultana Nurun Nahar, specialist in atomic astrophysics and spectroscopy.
Chemists and alchemists
Khalid ibn Yazid (Calid)
Jafar al-Sadiq
Jābir ibn Hayyān (Geber), father of chemistry
Abbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman)
Al-Kindi (Alkindus)
Al-Majriti
Ibn Miskawayh
Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
Avicenna
Al-Khazini
Nasir al-Din Tusi
Ibn Khaldun
Salimuzzaman Siddiqui
Al-Khwārizmī, Father of Al-Gabra, (Mathematics)
Ahmed H. Zewail, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1999
Mostafa El-Sayed
Atta ur Rahman, leading scholar in the field of Natural Product Chemistry.
Economists and social scientists
Abu Hanifa an-Nu‘man (699-767), economist
Abu Yusuf (731-798), economist
Al-Farabi (Alpharabius) (873–950), economist
Al-Saghani (d. 990), one of the earliest historians of science
Shams al-Mo'ali Abol-hasan Ghaboos ibn Wushmgir (Qabus) (d. 1012), economist
Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī (973-1048), considered the "first anthropologist"and father of Indology
Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (980–1037), economist
Ibn Miskawayh (b. 1030), economist
Al-Ghazali (Algazel) (1058–1111), economist
Al-Mawardi (1075–1158), economist
Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī (Tusi) (1201–1274), economist
Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288), sociologist
Ibn Taymiyyah (1263–1328), economist
Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406), forerunner of social sciences such as demography, cultural history, historiography,] philosophy of history, sociology and economics
Al-Maqrizi (1364–1442), economist
Akhtar Hameed Khan, Pakistani social scientist; pioneer of microcredit
Muhammad Yunus, Nobel Prize winner Bangladeshi economist; pioneer of microfinance
Mahbub ul Haq, Pakistani economist; developer of Human Development Index and founder of Human Development Report.
Geographers and earth scientists
Al-Masudi, the "Herodotus of the Arabs", and pioneer of historical geography
Al-Kindi, pioneer of environmental science
Ibn Al-Jazzar
Al-Tamimi
Al-Masihi
Ali ibn Ridwan
Muhammad al-Idrisi, also a cartographer
Ahmad ibn Fadlan
Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, father of geodesy, considered the first geologist and "first anthropologist
Avicenna
Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi
Averroes
Ibn al-Nafis
Ibn Jubayr
Ibn Battuta
Ibn Khaldun
Piri Reis
Evliya Çelebi
Mathematicians
Al-Hajjāj ibn Yūsuf ibn Matar
Khalid ibn Yazid (Calid)
Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī (Algorismi) - father of algebra and algorithms
'Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk
Abū al-Hasan ibn Alī al-Qalasādī (1412–1482), pioneer of symbolic algebra
Abū Kāmil Shujā ibn Aslam
Al-Abbās ibn Said al-Jawharī
Al-Kindi (Alkindus)
Banū Mūsā (Ben Mousa)
Ja'far Muhammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
Al-Hasan ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
Al-Mahani
Ahmed ibn Yusuf
Al-Majriti
Muhammad ibn Jābir al-Harrānī al-Battānī (Albatenius)
Al-Farabi (Abunaser)
Al-Khalili
Al-Nayrizi
Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin
Brethren of Purity
Abu'l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi
Al-Saghani
Abū Sahl al-Qūhī
Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi
Abū al-Wafā' al-Būzjānī
Ibn Sahl
Al-Sijzi
Ibn Yunus
Abu Nasr Mansur
Kushyar ibn Labban
Al-Karaji
Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen/Alhazen)
Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
Ibn Tahir al-Baghdadi
Al-Nasawi
Al-Jayyani
Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (Arzachel)
Al-Mu'taman ibn Hud
Omar Khayyám
Al-Khazini
Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
Al-Ghazali (Algazel)
Al-Marrakushi
Al-Samawal
Averroes
Avicenna
Hunayn ibn Ishaq
Ibn al-Banna'
Ibn al-Shatir
Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (Albumasar)
Jamshīd al-Kāshī
Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī
Muḥyi al-Dīn al-Maghribī
Maryam Mirzakhani
Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi
Muhammad Baqir Yazdi
Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, 13th century Persian mathematician and philosopher
Qāḍī Zāda al-Rūmī
Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
Shams al-Dīn al-Samarqandī
Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī
Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf
Ulugh Beg
Lotfi Asker Zadeh, Azerbaijanian computer scientist; founder of Fuzzy Mathematics and fuzzy set theory[25][26]
Cumrun Vafa
Biologists, neuroscientists, and psychologists
Ibn Sirin (654–728), author of work on dreams and dream interpretation
Al-Kindi (Alkindus), pioneer of psychotherapy and music therapy
Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari, pioneer of psychiatry, clinical psychiatry and clinical psychology
Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi, pioneer of mental health, medical psychology, cognitive psychology, cognitive therapy, psychophysiology and psychosomatic medicine
Al-Farabi (Alpharabius), pioneer of social psychology and consciousness studies
Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi (Haly Abbas), pioneer of neuroanatomy, neurobiology and neurophysiology
Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis), pioneer of neurosurgery
Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), founder of experimental psychology, psychophysics, phenomenology and visual perception
Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, pioneer of reaction time]
Avicenna (Ibn Sina), pioneer of neuropsychiatry, thought experiment, self-awareness and self-consciousness
Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar), pioneer of neurology and neuropharmacology
Averroes, pioneer of Parkinson's disease
Ibn Tufail, pioneer of tabula rasa and nature versus nurture
Mir Sajad,Neuroscientist and pioneer in neuroinflammation and neurogenesis.
Physicians and surgeons
Khalid ibn Yazid (Calid)
Jafar al-Sadiq
Shapur ibn Sahl (d. 869), pioneer of pharmacy and pharmacopoeia
Al-Kindi (Alkindus) (801-873), pioneer of pharmacology[42]
Abbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman) (810-887)
Al-Jahiz, pioneer of natural selection
Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari, pioneer of medical encyclopedia[29]
Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi
Ishaq bin Ali al-Rahwi (854–931), pioneer of peer review and medical peer review
Al-Farabi (Alpharabius)
Ibn Al-Jazzar (circa 898-980)
Abul Hasan al-Tabari - physician
Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari - physician
Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi (d. 994), pioneer of obstetrics and perinatology[44]
Abu Gaafar Amed ibn Ibrahim ibn abi Halid al-Gazzar (10th century), pioneer of dental restoration[45]
Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis) - father of modern surgery, and pioneer of neurosurgery,[33] craniotomy,[44] hematology[46] and dental surgery[47]
Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), pioneer of eye surgery, visual system[48] and visual perception[49]
Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
Avicenna (Ibn Sina) (980-1037) - father of modern medicine,[50] founder of Unani medicine,[46] pioneer of experimental medicine, evidence-based medicine, pharmaceutical sciences,clinical pharmacology,[51] aromatherapy,[52] pulsology and sphygmology,[53] and also a philosopher
Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman, physician of Unani medicine
Ibn Miskawayh
Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar) - father of experimental surgery, and pioneer of experimental anatomy, experimental physiology, human dissection, autopsy and tracheotomy
Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
Ibn Tufail (Abubacer)
Averroes
Ibn al-Baitar
Ibn Jazla
Nasir al-Din Tusi
Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288), father of circulatory physiology, pioneer of circulatory anatomy, and founder of Nafisian anatomy, physiology, pulsology and sphygmology
Ibn al-Quff (1233–1305), pioneer of embryology
Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī
Ibn al-Khatib (1313–1374)
Mansur ibn Ilyas
Saghir Akhtar - pharmacist
Syed Ziaur Rahman, pharmacologist
Toffy Musivand
Muhammad B. Yunus, the "father of our modern view of fibromyalgia"
Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor, pioneer of biomedical research in space
Hulusi Behçet, known for the discovery of Behçet's disease
Ibrahim B. Syed - radiologist
Mehmet Öz, cardiothoracic surgeon
Physicists and engineers
Jafar al-Sadiq, 8th century
Banū Mūsā (Ben Mousa), 9th century
Ja'far Muhammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
Ahmad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
Al-Hasan ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
Abbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman), 9th century
Al-Saghani, 10th century
Abū Sahl al-Qūhī (Kuhi), 10th century
Ibn Sahl, 10th century
Ibn Yunus, 10th century
Al-Karaji, 10th century
Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), 11th century Iraqi scientist, father of optics,[63] pioneer of scientific method[64] and experimental physics,[65] considered the "first scientist"[66]
Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, 11th century, pioneer of experimental mechanics[67]
Avicenna, 11th century
Al-Khazini, 12th century
Ibn Bajjah (Avempace), 12th century
Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdaadi (Nathanel), 12th century
Averroes, 12th century Andalusian mathematician, philosopher and medical expert
Al-Jazari, 13th century civil engineer, father of robotics,[6]
Nasir al-Din Tusi, 13th century
Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi, 13th century
Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī, 13th century
Ibn al-Shatir, 14th century
Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf, 16th century
Hezarfen Ahmet Celebi, 17th century
Lagari Hasan Çelebi, 17th century
Sake Dean Mahomet, 18th century
Tipu Sultan, 18th century Indian mechanician
Fazlur Khan, 20th century Bangladeshi mechanician
Mahmoud Hessaby, 20th century Iranian physicist
Ali Javan, 20th century Iranian physicist
Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie, 20th century Indonesian aerospace engineer and president
Abdul Kalam, Indian aeronautical engineer and nuclear scientist
Mehran Kardar, Iranian theoretical physicist
Cumrun Vafa, Iranian mathematical physicist
Nima Arkani-Hamed, American-born Iranian physicist
Abdel Nasser Tawfik, Egyptian-born German particle physicist
Munir Nayfeh Palestinian-American particle physicist
Riazuddin, Pakistani theoretical physicist
Abdul Qadeer Khan, Pakistani nuclear scientist
Ali Musharafa, Egyptian nuclear physicist
Sameera Moussa, Egyptian nuclear physicist
Munir Ahmad Khan, Father of Pakistan's nuclear program.
Political scientists
Syed Qutb
Abul Ala Maududi
Hasan al-Turabi
Hassan al-Banna
Mohamed Hassanein Heikal
Necmettin Erbakan
M. A. Muqtedar Khan
Other scientists and inventors
Azizul Haque
Mohammad Sharif Chattar